BOOK II Chapter 11 The Carthaginian Regime

Chapter 11

Introduction to Chapter 11

Aristotle discusses the Carthaginian regime, which he considers to be well-governed and finely structured in many respects. He compares it to the regimes of Sparta and Crete, noting both similarities and differences. Aristotle then critiques aspects of the Carthaginian regime, focusing on issues such as oligarchic tendencies, the selection of officials, and the distribution of power.

1. General Praise and Comparison to Spartan and Cretan Regimes (1273a)

• Similarity to the Spartan Regime:
  Aristotle notes that the Carthaginian regime shares certain characteristics with the Spartan and Cretan regimes. However, it also has unique features that make it different from the other two.
• Signs of a Well-Organized Regime:
  A well-governed city is one where the people voluntarily accept the arrangement of the regime, and where there has been no significant factional conflict or tyranny.

2. Key Features of the Carthaginian Regime (1273a)

2.1 Common Messes and Government Offices

• Common Messes:
  The Carthaginian clubs' common messes are similar to the Spartan "friends' messes."
• The Hundred and Four:
  The Carthaginian hundred and four office corresponds to the Spartan overseers. However, Aristotle considers the Carthaginian system superior, as the hundred and four are elected based on merit, whereas the Spartan overseers are chosen from average citizens.
• Kings and Senators:
  The Carthaginian kings and senators are similar to those in Sparta, but in Carthage, they are chosen based on merit rather than age or family lineage. This makes the Carthaginian system more effective, as authority is given to more capable individuals.

2.2 Political Participation

• The people have the authority to decide on matters when the kings and senators are not unanimous, giving the populace some political power.

3. Critique of Oligarchic Tendencies in the Carthaginian Regime (1273a-b)

3.1 Oligarchic Elements (1273a)

• Committees of Five:
  Aristotle criticizes the committees of five in Carthage, which hold significant power and elect members of the hundred and four. These officials rule for extended periods, leading to oligarchic control.
• Electing Officials Based on Wealth:
  Carthaginians believe that rulers should be elected based on both wealth and merit. Aristotle critiques this practice, as it favors oligarchy. Wealthy citizens are believed to be better rulers because they can afford the leisure to govern.

3.2 Criticism of Wealth-Based Election (1273b)

• Election Based on Wealth:
  Aristotle argues that election based on wealth is an error. The greatest offices—those of kings and generals—should not be for sale, as this practice makes wealth more honored than virtue.
• Impact on the City’s Values:
  When wealth is honored above virtue, the city becomes greedy, and the other citizens will follow the example of their rulers. Aristotle notes that such a system encourages corruption, as those who purchase offices will be tempted to exploit them for personal gain.

4. Additional Criticisms of the Carthaginian Regime (1273b)

4.1 Holding Multiple Offices

• Aristotle criticizes the Carthaginian practice of allowing individuals to hold multiple offices. He believes that one person should focus on one task to perform it well.
• Political Inclusion:
  In larger cities, it is better to have more individuals participate in government to make the regime more political and inclusive. This also helps distribute tasks more efficiently.

4.2 Wealth Redistribution Through Colonization

• Wealth Redistribution:
  Although the Carthaginian regime is oligarchic, it avoids the negative consequences by sending part of its population to colonies, allowing them to become wealthy. This practice helps maintain stability but is more a matter of chance than a result of good legislation.
• Potential for Revolt:
  Aristotle warns that if a misfortune occurs and the poorer classes revolt, the Carthaginian laws do not provide adequate safeguards against factional conflict.

Conclusion: Final Remarks on the Spartan, Cretan, and Carthaginian Regimes (1273b)

Aristotle concludes his analysis by noting that the regimes of Sparta, Crete, and Carthage are held in high regard and share many fine features. However, he highlights several flaws in each, particularly the oligarchic tendencies and the emphasis on wealth in Carthage. He suggests that these regimes could be improved by focusing more on virtue than wealth and by ensuring broader political participation.